6.1 SEAT BELTS & CHILD RESTRAINT (CHILD CAR SEAT)

(a) Seat belts — compulsory for all seats

Since 1 January 2009 the wearing of seat belts has been compulsory for front-seat occupants; since June 2012 the rule was extended to rear-seat passengers as well (Rule 4A, Motor Vehicles (Safety Belts) (Amendment) Rules 2011). Since January 2019 the rear-seat belt rule has been fully enforced.

• Every driver and passenger (front and rear) must wear a seat belt that is properly fastened and adjusted.
每位驾驶员和乘客（前排和后排）都必须系好安全带并正确调整。
• The driver is responsible for ensuring passengers under 16 wear a belt or child restraint.
驾驶员有责任确保16岁以下的乘客系安全带或使用儿童约束装置。
• Offence compound (summons): up to RM300 per offence under Section 119(1)(a) Road Transport Act 1987.
违规罚款（传票）：根据《1987年道路交通法》第119(1)(a)条，每项违规最高罚款RM300。
• A seat belt reduces the risk of fatal injury to front-seat occupants by about 45–50% and rear-seat occupants by about 25%, according to MIROS & WHO data.
根据MIROS和WHO的数据，安全带可将前排乘客致命伤害风险降低约45–50%，后排乘客降低约25%。
• Three-second rule to save your life: wear the seat belt with the lap strap low across the hips (not across the stomach) and the shoulder strap across the chest (not under the arm or behind the back). Pregnant women must position the lap strap under the belly, across the hips, and the shoulder strap between the breasts and to the side of the abdomen.
保命三秒规则：系安全带时，腰带应低置于髋部（而非腹部），肩带应跨过胸部（而非腋下或背后）。孕妇必须将腰带置于腹部下方、跨过髋部，肩带置于两乳之间并偏向腹部一侧。

(b) Child Restraint / Child Car Seat (CRS) — mandatory since 2020

Legal requirement (JPJ Directive No. 1/2019, effective 1 January 2020): all children under 12 years old OR below 138 cm in height (whichever applies first) must be secured in an approved child restraint system (child car seat) suitable for the child's weight and size. The child seat must be certified to UN R44 or UN R129 (i-Size) or an equivalent standard (e.g. ECE, MIROS, JPJ-approved label).

• Rear-facing infant seat: infants up to ~9 kg (Group 0 / 0+) — MUST be installed on the rear seat, never on the front passenger seat if there is an active airbag.
后向式婴儿座椅：适用于约9公斤以下的婴儿（第0/0+组）——必须安装在后排座椅上，如果前排乘客座有安全气囊，绝对不可安装在前排。
• Forward-facing child seat: ~9–18 kg (Group 1) — rear seat, using the ISOFIX anchors or adult seat belt, plus the top-tether strap if fitted.
前向式儿童座椅：约9–18公斤（第1组）——安装在后排座椅，使用ISOFIX固定点或成人安全带，如配有顶部系带则一并使用。
• Booster seat / booster cushion: ~15–36 kg (Group 2/3) — for children who have outgrown a forward-facing seat; this positions the adult seat belt correctly across the child's shoulder and hips instead of across the neck/face.
增高座椅/增高坐垫：约15–36公斤（第2/3组）——适用于已超出前向式座椅的儿童；可将成人安全带正确置于儿童的肩部和髋部，而非颈部/面部。
• Children aged 12 and above, or taller than 138 cm, may use the adult seat belt without a booster.
12岁及以上或身高超过138厘米的儿童，可直接使用成人安全带，无需增高座椅。
• Holding a child in your arms while travelling (even at low speed) is illegal and extremely dangerous. At 50 km/h, in a crash the child is thrown forward with a force equal to many times their weight and cannot be held — the child becomes a projectile.
乘车时将儿童抱在怀中（即使低速行驶）是违法的，且极其危险。在50公里/小时的速度下发生碰撞时，儿童会以相当于其体重数倍的力被向前抛出，根本无法抱住——儿童会变成抛射物。
• Offence: compound up to RM300 and 3 KEJARA demerit points.
违规：最高罚款RM300及3个KEJARA扣分。

Practical tip for KPP01 exam: any question stating "children under 13 years old" or "under 135 cm" reflects the old rule — the current rule in force since 2020 is under 12 / under 138 cm.

6.2 MOTORCYCLE HELMETS & RIDER PROTECTIVE GEAR

(a) Crash helmet — mandatory for rider and pillion

Under Rule 12A of the Motor Vehicles (Safety Helmets) Rules 1972, every motorcyclist and pillion rider on any road in Malaysia must wear an approved safety helmet. Key rules:

• The helmet must carry an SIRIM certification label and meet the Malaysian Standard MS 1:2011 (previously MS 1:1996) — or an equivalent international standard (ECE 22.05/22.06, Snell M2020/DOT FMVSS 218, JIS T 8133) accepted by JPJ.
头盔必须带有SIRIM认证标签，并符合马来西亚标准MS 1:2011（此前为MS 1:1996）——或JPJ认可的同等级国际标准（ECE 22.05/22.06、Snell M2020/DOT FMVSS 218、JIS T 8133）。
• The helmet must be securely fastened with the chin strap properly tightened (not dangling or hooked loosely).
头盔必须系紧下巴带，扣合牢固（不得悬垂或松散挂钩）。
• Helmets must be the correct size — a loose helmet will come off in a crash.
头盔必须尺寸合适——过松的头盔在碰撞中会脱落。
• Replace a helmet that has been involved in an impact (even if it looks undamaged — the inner EPS foam absorbs energy by permanently deforming), or any helmet older than 5 years from the manufacturing date stamped inside.
曾遭受撞击的头盔必须更换（即使外观无损——内部EPS泡沫通过永久变形吸收能量），或任何从内部标注的生产日期起超过5年的头盔。
• Never use a helmet that is cracked, modified, painted with unsuitable paint, or that has damaged retention straps.
切勿使用有裂纹、经过改装、涂有不当油漆或固定带损坏的头盔。
• Offence: first offence compound up to RM300, repeat up to RM1,000 or imprisonment under Section 119 APJ 1987. KEJARA demerit points also apply.
违规处罚：首次违规可罚款最高RM300，再犯最高RM1,000或根据《1987年陆路交通法》第119条判处监禁。KEJARA扣分制度同样适用。

(b) Recommended protective gear

Although not all legally mandatory, KPP01 teaches that a responsible motorcyclist also wears: bright/reflective clothing (or a high-visibility vest at night/rain), closed-toe shoes or riding boots, long trousers and long-sleeved jacket (leather or abrasion-resistant), gloves, and eye protection (visor or goggles).