Chapter 3 of 6 · KPP01 / KPP Gabungan · JPJ Malaysia · English

3. Defensive Driving Theory

3. 防御性驾驶理论

Chapter summary: This chapter explains defensive driving — driving that avoids accidents even when others make mistakes. It covers the five-step planning cycle (PMMMB), observation skills, identification of physical and moving hazards, and the MPKGA Driving Action Plan covering Information, Position, Speed, Gear and Acceleration.

章节摘要：本章讲解防御性驾驶——即使他人犯错也能避免事故的驾驶方式。涵盖五步规划循环（PMMMB）、观察技巧、实体危险与移动危险的识别，以及涵盖信息、位置、速度、挡位和加速的MPKGA驾驶行动计划。

In this chapter (6 sub-chapters):

本章（共6个小节）：

3.1Introduction & definition of defensive driving

3.1 防御性驾驶的介绍与定义

3.2The 5-step driving planning (PMMMB)

3.2 五步驾驶规划（PMMMB）

3.3Improving observation skills

3.3 提升观察技巧

3.4Identifying hazards and risky situations

3.4 识别危险与风险情况

3.5Prediction and prioritisation

3.5 预测与优先级排序

3.6Driving action plan (MPKGA)

3.6 驾驶行动计划（MPKGA）

Defensive driving is the heart of being a safe driver. It means more than simply obeying the law — it means anticipating others' mistakes and acting early to avoid conflict. This chapter lays the foundation for all the practical skills in later chapters.

防御性驾驶是成为安全驾驶员的核心。它不仅仅是遵守法律——还意味着预判他人的错误并提前采取行动以避免冲突。本章为后续章节中的所有实用技能奠定基础。

1.1. Introduction

【中文】简介

a) Defensive driving means driving in a way that prevents and saves you from accidents even when the mistake originates from other road users.

a) 防御性驾驶是指即使错误源自其他道路使用者，也能预防事故并使自己免受事故伤害的驾驶方式。

b) Practising the defensive-driving concept reduces the risk of injury, death, loss of time and money through the IPDA technique (Identify → Predict → Decide → Act) introduced by Duanne R. Johnson (1979).

b) 实践防御性驾驶理念，可通过Duanne R. Johnson（1979年）提出的IPDA技术（识别→预测→决策→行动），降低受伤、死亡以及时间和金钱损失的风险。

c) In conclusion, the concept of defensive driving refers to a framework of driving practice based on knowledge of traffic rules, advanced driving skills, a positive attitude and safe-routine habits, plus the ability to identify, evaluate and react to hazards caused by other road users or other traffic components.

c) 总之，防御性驾驶的概念是指一套驾驶实践框架，基于交通规则知识、高级驾驶技能、积极态度和安全习惯，以及识别、评估和应对其他道路使用者或其他交通因素所造成危险的能力。

Road-safety values

道路安全价值观

Defensive driving is not just a skill — it reflects your responsibility on the road.

防御性驾驶不仅仅是一项技能——它体现了你在道路上的责任。

📌 Definition of defensive driving, its benefits and road-safety values.

📌 防御性驾驶的定义、其益处及道路安全价值观。

1.2. The 5-Step Driving Planning (PMMMB)

【中文】5步驾驶规划 (PMMMB)

P — Perception (Pemerhatian)

P——感知（Pemerhatian）

Use sight, hearing and smell to obtain as much information about the situation as possible.

运用视觉、听觉和嗅觉尽可能获取有关情况的信息。

M — Identify (Mengenal pasti)

M——识别（Mengenal pasti）

Identify the hazards around you in their various forms.

识别周围各种形式的危险。

M — Predict (Menjangka)

M — 预测（Menjangka）

Make predictions about the hazards and all possibilities so you can assess risk.

对危险及所有可能性做出预测，以便评估风险。

M — Prioritise (Mengutamakan)

M — 优先处理（Mengutamakan）

Rank risks in order of importance / urgency before acting.

在采取行动之前，按重要性/紧迫性对风险进行排序。

B — Act (Bertindak)

B — 行动（Bertindak）

Take the appropriate action. Consider all early possibilities that reduce risk for you and other road users.

采取适当的行动。考虑所有能够降低您和其他道路使用者风险的早期可能性。

📌 P.M.M.M.B — Perception, Identify, Predict, Prioritise, Act.

📌 P.M.M.M.B——感知、识别、预测、排序、行动。