Chapter 4 of 6 · KPP01 / KPP Gabungan · JPJ Malaysia · English

4. Driving in Various Conditions

4. 各种条件下的驾驶

Chapter summary: Different driving environments require adjustments to speed, distance and driving style. This chapter covers urban roads, rural roads, tunnels, expressways, night driving and rain/fog/floods — with special attention to motorcyclists and pedestrians.

章节摘要：不同的驾驶环境需要调整车速、车距和驾驶方式。本章涵盖城市道路、乡村道路、隧道、高速公路、夜间驾驶以及雨天/雾天/洪水——特别关注摩托车骑手和行人。

In this chapter (9 sub-chapters):

本章（9 个小节）：

4.1Basic principles of adapting to conditions

4.1 适应路况的基本原则

4.2Driving in urban areas

4.2 在城市地区驾驶

4.3Driving in rural areas

4.3 在乡村地区驾驶

4.4Around motorcyclists

4.4 摩托车骑手周边驾驶

4.5Driving in tunnels

4.5 在隧道中驾驶

4.6Around pedestrians

4.6 行人周边驾驶

4.7Driving on expressways

4.7 在高速公路上驾驶

4.8Night driving

4.8 夜间驾驶

4.9Driving in adverse weather

4.9 恶劣天气驾驶

1. Driving in Various Conditions — Basic Principles

【中文】基本原则

When road, weather or traffic conditions change, the defensive driver adjusts three things: speed, following distance and driving style. In every environment, the PMMMB and MPKGA principles from Chapter 3 still apply. The golden rule: adjust your speed so that you can always stop within the distance you can see to be clear.

当道路、天气或交通状况发生变化时，防御性驾驶员会调整三件事：车速、跟车距离和驾驶方式。在任何环境中，第 3 章的 PMMMB 和 MPKGA 原则仍然适用。黄金法则：调整车速，使您始终能在可见的清晰距离内停车。

Golden rules for all conditions

适用于所有情况的黄金法则

Stay within legal speed limits — and reduce below the limit when conditions require it.

遵守法定限速——并在路况需要时降低到限速以下。

2-second rule (dry, good weather): stay at least 2 seconds behind the vehicle ahead.

2 秒规则（干燥、良好天气）：与前车保持至少 2 秒的距离。

4-second rule (wet, dark, poor visibility): double the gap.

4秒规则（雨天、黑暗、能见度差）：将车距加倍。

Keep headlights on in rain, fog and tunnels.

在雨中、雾中及隧道内保持车头灯开启。

Look 10–15 seconds ahead (one city block / 400 m on expressways).

向前观察10至15秒的路况（市区一个街区／高速公路400米）。

📌 Core principle — adapt speed, distance and style to the conditions.

📌 核心原则——根据路况调整车速、车距和驾驶方式。

2. Driving in Urban Areas

【中文】城市驾驶

Urban driving means high traffic density, frequent junctions, traffic lights, pedestrians and short stopping distances.

城市驾驶意味着交通密度高、路口频繁、交通灯多、行人多，且停车距离短。

2.1 Be able to control the vehicle well so you don't interrupt smooth traffic flow.

2.1 能够良好地操控车辆，以免干扰顺畅的交通流。

2.2 Plan your route before you start, and stay in the correct lane early (do not cut across lanes at the last minute).

2.2 出发前规划好路线，并提早进入正确车道（不要在最后一刻横跨车道）。

2.3 Control your emotions to avoid actions that endanger other road users (no tailgating, no honking in anger, no road bullying).

2.3 控制情绪，避免做出危及其他道路使用者的行为（不尾随、不愤怒鸣笛、不路霸）。

2.4 Before turning or changing lanes, ensure safety by practising the CITO routine — Check mirrors → Indicate → Turn head / blind-spot check → Overtake / move smoothly.

2.4 在转弯或换车道前，通过CITO程序确保安全——查看后视镜 → 打信号灯 → 转头／盲区检查 → 超车／平稳移动。

2.5 Watch out for buses stopping, vehicles pulling out of parking, delivery vans and e-hailing drivers stopping abruptly.

2.5 注意停靠的巴士、从停车位驶出的车辆、送货货车及突然停车的电召车司机。

2.6 Obey traffic signals and give priority to pedestrians and cyclists.

2.6 遵守交通信号，并优先让行行人和骑自行车者。

2.7 Slow the vehicle and make sure you are in the correct lane when approaching a toll plaza.

2.7 接近收费站时减速，并确保处于正确车道。

💡 Exam tip: In built-up (urban) areas the default speed limit is 50 km/h unless signs indicate otherwise. School zones are typically 30 km/h.

📌 Vehicle control, emotional control, CITO routine before lane changes, traffic signals and toll plazas.

📌 车辆控制、情绪控制、变道前的 CITO 流程、交通信号和收费站。

4. Driving in Various Conditions

In this chapter (9 sub-chapters):

1. Driving in Various Conditions — Basic Principles

Golden rules for all conditions

2. Driving in Urban Areas

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